High Potential for Splay Faulting in the Molucca Sea, Indonesia: November 2019 Mw 7.2 Earthquake and Tsunami

Tsunami potential from high dip-angle splay faults is an understudied topic, although such splay faults can significantly amplify coastal tsunami heights as compared with ordinary thrust faults. Here, we identify a hotspot for tsunamis from splay faulting in the Molucca Sea arc–arc collision zone in eastern Indonesia, which accommodates one of the world’s most complicated tectonic settings. The November 2019 Mw 7.2 earthquake and tsunami are studied through teleseismic inversions assuming rupture velocities in the range 1.5–4.0 km/s followed by tsunami simulations. The normalized root mean square error index was applied and revealed that the best model has a rupture velocity of 2.0 km/s from the steeply dipping plane. The recent high dip-angle reverse 2019 Mw 7.2 and 2014 Mw 7.1 earthquakes combined with numerous similar seismic events may indicate that this region is prone to splay faulting. This study highlights the need for understanding tsunamis from splay faulting in other subduction zones.