Single dose tocilizumab for COVID-19 associated cytokine storm syndrome: Less is more

Aims: We aim to evaluate the clinical pharmacokinetics of a single dose interleukin-6 (IL-6) antibody tocilizumab (TCZ) in methylprednisolone (MP)-treated COVID-19 patients with cytokine storm syndrome (CSS). Methods: MP pre-treated patients with COVID-19-associated CSS, defined as at least two elevations of C-reactive protein (CRP) >100 mg/L, ferritin >900 mu g/L or D-dimers >1500 mu g/L, received intravenous TCZ (8 mg/kg, max. 800 mg) upon clinical deterioration. A nonlinear-mixed effects model was developed based on TCZ serum concentrations and dosing information. Population pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated and concentration-time profiles were plotted against individual predicted values. Fixed dose simulations were subsequently performed based on the final model. Results:In total 40 patients (mean [SD] age: 62 [12] years, 20% female, body weight: 87 [17] kg) with COVID-19 induced CSS were evaluated on pharmacokinetics and laboratory parameters. A biphasic elimination of TCZ serum concentration was described by a homogeneous population pharmacokinetic model. Serum TCZ concentrations above the 1 mu g/L target saturation threshold were covered for 16 days in all evaluated patients treated with a single dose of 8 mg/kg. In a simulation with TCZ 400 mg fixed dose, this condition of full IL-6 receptor occupancy at minimum serum concentration was also met. Conclusions: A single dose (8 mg/kg, max. 800 mg) is sufficient to cover a period of 16 days of IL-6-mediated hyperinflammation in COVID-19-induced CSS in MP-treated patients. Based on body weight PK simulations, a fixed-dose tocilizumab of 400 mg should be considered to prevent overtreatment, future drug shortage and unnecessary drug expenditure.