An integrated model of multimorbidity and symptom science

Background Prevalence and complexity of persons with multiple chronic conditions (MCC), also known as multimorbidity, are shifting clinical practice from a single disease focus to one considering MCC and symptoms. Although symptoms are intricately bound to concepts inherent in MCC science, symptoms are largely ignored in multimorbidity research and literature. Purpose Introduce an Integrated Model of Multimorbidity and Symptom Science. Methods Critical integrative review and synthesis process. Findings The model comprises three primary domains: 1. Contributing/ Risk Factors; 2. Symptom/Disease/Treatment Interactions; and 3. Patient Outcomes. Discussion The model highlights the multilevel nature of contributing factors and the recursive interactions among multiple etiologies, conditions, symptoms, therapies, and outcomes.