Novel Epitopes of the Influenza Virus N1 Neuraminidase Targeted by Human Monoclonal Antibodies

Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA)-targeting antibodies are an independent correlate of protection against influenza. Antibodies against the NA act by blocking enzymatic activity, preventing virus release and transmission. As we advance the development of improved influenza virus vaccines that incorporate standard amounts of NA antigen, it is important to identify the antigenic targets of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Here, we describe escape mutants generated by serial passage of A/Netherlands/602/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 in the presence of human anti-N1 mAbs. We observed escape mutations on the head domain of the N1 protein around the enzymatic site (S364N, N369T, and R430Q) and also detected escape mutations located on the sides and bottom of the NA (N88D, N270D, and Q313K/R). This work increases our understanding of how human antibody responses target the N1 protein.