Amyloid β-peptides interfere with mitochondrial preprotein import competence by a coaggregation process

Aggregation-prone amyloid β-peptides occurring in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) inhibit the import of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial precursor proteins. The observation of insoluble coaggregates between preproteins and Aβ peptides provides a biochemical explanation for mitochondrial dysfunction typically observed in AD-affected cells.
Aβ peptides play a central role in the etiology of Alzheimer disease (AD) by exerting cellular toxicity correlated with aggregate formation. Experimental evidence has shown intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ peptides and interference with mitochondrial functions. Nevertheless, the relevance of intracellular Aβ peptides in the pathophysiology of AD is controversial. Here we found that the two major species of Aβ peptides, in particular Aβ42, exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on the preprotein import reactions essential for mitochondrial biogenesis. However, Aβ peptides interacted only weakly with mitochondria and did not affect the inner membrane potential or the structure of the preprotein translocase complexes. Aβ peptides significantly decreased the import competence of mitochondrial precursor proteins via an extramitochondrial coaggregation mechanism. Coaggregation and import inhibition were significantly stronger for the longer peptide Aβ42, correlating with its importance in AD pathology. Our results demonstrate that direct interference of aggregation-prone Aβ peptides with mitochondrial protein biogenesis represents a crucial aspect of the pathobiochemical mechanisms contributing to cellular damage in AD.