RNA structure inference through chemical mapping after accidental or intentional mutations

Despite the critical roles RNA structures play in regulating gene expression, sequencing-based methods for experimentally determining RNA base pairs have remained inaccurate. Here, we describe a multidimensional chemical mapping method called M2-seq (mutate-and-map read out through next-generation sequencing) that takes advantage of sparsely mutated nucleotides to induce structural perturbations at partner nucleotides and then detects these events through dimethyl sulfate (DMS) probing and mutational profiling. In special cases, fortuitous errors introduced during DNA template preparation and RNA transcription are sufficient to give M2-seq helix signatures; these signals were previously overlooked or mistaken for correlated double DMS events. When mutations are enhanced through error-prone PCR,in vitroM2-seq experimentally resolves 33 of 68 helices in diverse structured RNAs including ribozyme domains, riboswitch aptamers, and viral RNA domains with a single false positive. These inferences do not require energy minimization algorithms and can be made by either direct visual inspection or by a new neural-net-inspired algorithm called M2-net. Measurements on the P4-P6 domain of theTetrahymenagroup I ribozyme embedded inXenopusegg extract demonstrate the ability of M2-seq to detect RNA helices in a complex biological environment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe intricate structures of RNA molecules are crucial to their biological functions but have been difficult to accurately characterize. Multidimensional chemical mapping methods improve accuracy but have so far involved painstaking experiments and reliance on secondary structure prediction software. A methodology called M2-seq now lifts these limitations. Mechanistic studies clarify the origin of serendipitous M2-seq-like signals that were recently discovered but not correctly explained and also provide mutational strategies that enable robust M2-seq for new RNA transcripts. The method detects dozens of Watson-Crick helices across diverse RNA foldsin vitroand within frog egg extract, with low false positive rate (< 5%). M2-seq opens a route to unbiased discovery of RNA structuresin vitroand beyond.