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Innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS‐CoV‐2 in humans: relevance to acquired immunity and vaccine responses
- Source :
- Clinical & Experimental Immunology, Clinical and Experimental Immunology
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- Wiley, 2021.
-
Abstract
- Summary The factors responsible for the spectrum of coronavirus 19 (COVID‐19) disease severity and the genesis and nature of protective immunity against COVID‐19 remain elusive. Multiple studies have investigated the immune responses to COVID‐19 in various populations, including those without evidence of COVID‐19 infection. Information regarding innate and adaptive immune responses to the novel severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has evolved rapidly. Data are accumulating defining disease phenotypes that aid in rational and informed development of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 and the development of novel vaccines. In this paper, data on important innate immune responses are summarized, including cytokines, specifically interleukin (IL)‐6 and complement, and potential treatments are explored. Adaptive immune responses and derivative therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies directed at spike proteins are also examined. Finally, data on real‐time assessments of adaptive immune responses are explored, which include CD4+/CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) T cells, memory B cells and T follicular cells with specificities for COVID‐19 peptides in infected and normal individuals. Data of two novel vaccines have been released, both showing > 95% efficacy in preventing SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Analysis of humoral and cellular responses to the vaccines will determine the robustness and durability of protection. In addition, long‐term assessment of SARS‐CoV‐2 memory B and T cell‐mediated immune responses in patients recovering from an infection or those with cross‐reactive immunological memory will help to define risk for future SARS‐CoV infections. Finally, patients recovering from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection may experience prolonged immune activation probably due to T cell exhaustion. This will be an important new frontier for study.<br />This review summarizes published data on the relevant innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS‐CoV‐2. Data characterizing innate and adaptive immune responses have rapidly led to informed therapeutic interventions, including vaccine development and recognition of dysfunctional immune responses that are likely responsible for post‐COVID‐19 autoimmunity.
- Subjects :
- 0301 basic medicine
Protective immunity
COVID-19 Vaccines
medicine.drug_class
T cell
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
T-Lymphocytes
Immunology
T cells
interleukin 6
Review Article
Biology
Adaptive Immunity
medicine.disease_cause
Monoclonal antibody
SARS‐CoV‐2
03 medical and health sciences
0302 clinical medicine
Immune system
Disease severity
humoral immunity
medicine
Humans
Immunology and Allergy
complement
Vaccine Potency
Review Articles
Coronavirus
Innate immune system
business.industry
Interleukin-6
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19
biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition
Acquired immune system
Immunity, Innate
Immunity, Humoral
030104 developmental biology
medicine.anatomical_structure
Humoral immunity
business
CD8
030215 immunology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 13652249 and 00099104
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Clinical & Experimental Immunology
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....e4be8fddbc5988cdcfaf38debe86c416
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13582