ОНТОЛОГІЧНИЙ ТА ЕПІСТЕМОЛОГІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТИ СУЧАСНОЇ ОБСЕРВАЦІЙНО-ВИМІРЮВАЛЬНОЇ СИТУАЦІЇ У КОСМОЛОГІЇ

Modern cosmology is at a crossroads. Discrepancies in the measurements of the values of the Hubble constant – the universal constant of the Universe characterizing its global expansion – using various methods and apparatus have created a non-trivial situation in cosmology, which is called “Hubble tension”. A number of general scientific ideas have been proposed for its interpretation and resolving which based on various assumptions about the forms of matter differentiation on different cosmological scales. From a philosophical point of view, a distinction can be made between ontological and epistemological aspects of this situation. In the first case it is suggested the assumption of the existence of a new unknown material substance. It can be a new kind of matter (for example, unknown fast particles) or energy. Also it should be noted here that all ontological assumptions are limited by existing cosmological theories that best describe the Universe and are consistent with observational data. Such theories are supported by most professional cosmologists in the world.In the second case, an assumption is made about the discovery of new physical laws and the need to construct post-quantum-relativistic theories. Cosmological theories are always supplemented with new knowledge. But here it is meant that the existing apparatus of modern cosmological theories is not able to describe the observational differences. In this case, cosmologists have to go beyond the limits of cosmological theories and create new ones.Cosmological theories, like any other scientific theories, have a polysystemic structure. Therefore, based on the modified structural-nominative reconstruction of scientific theories, a metatheoretical hypothesis is put forward that the development of cosmological theories might occur through coordinated changes in their subsystems.