Energy and exergy analyses of a low-concentration photovoltaic/thermal module with glass channel

As a form of solar energy utilization, photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) modules generate heat and electricity at the same time. Relative to individual photovoltaic or photothermal, it has a higher efficiency. In this paper, a simulation process coupling optical, electrical and thermal models for a water based low-concentration photovoltaic/thermal module is established. The optical characteristics of the module are simulated by Monte Carlo method. The electrical and thermal characteristics are numerically simulated using the finite volume method. The simulated values of outlet water temperature, output current and output power are fit well with experimental values, which verifies the reliability of the simulation process. The effects of water inlet velocity, solar irradiation, water inlet temperature, ambient temperature and wind speed on the energy and exergy performances of the module are analyzed. Results show that the direct contact of the HTF with the backside of the solar panel and the use of bifacial solar cells give the module good electrical efficiency and an overall efficiency of over 65% in all simulations. By connecting modules in series, and the application scenario can be extended.