Environmental Screening of Fonsecaea Agents of Chromoblastomycosis Using Rolling Circle Amplification

Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic, cutaneous or subcutaneous mycosis characterized by the presence of muriform cells in host tissue. Implantation disease is caused by melanized fungi related to black yeasts, which, in humid tropical climates, are mainly members of the genus Fonsecaea. In endemic areas of Brazil, F. pedrosoi and F. monophora are the prevalent species. The current hypothesis of infection is traumatic introduction via plant materials, especially by plant thorns. However, isolation studies have demonstrated a low frequency of the agents in environmental substrates. The present study aimed to detect F. pedrosoi and F. monophora in shells of babassu coconuts, soil, plant debris, and thorns from endemic areas of chromoblastomycosis in Maranhão state, northern Brazil, using Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA) with padlock probes as a new environmental screening tool for agents of chromoblastomycosis. In addition to molecular screening, the environmental samples were analyzed by fungal isolation using mineral oil flotation. The limit of detection of the RCA method was 2.88 × 107 copies of DNA per sample for the used padlock probes, indicating that this represents an efficient and sensitive molecular tool for the environmental screening of Fonsecaea agents. In contrast, with isolation from the same samples using several selective methods, no agents of chromoblastomycosis were recovered.