Pseudoginsenoside-F11 ameliorates ischemic neuron injury by regulating the polarization of neutrophils and macrophages in vitro

Pseudoginsenoside-F11 (PF11), an ocotillol-type saponin, has neuroprotective effects on permanent and transient cerebral ischemia in rats by alleviating autophagic/lysosomal defects and repressing calcium overload, respectively. Ischemic stroke triggers peripheral innate immune cells, mainly neutrophils and macrophages, to infiltrate the damaged brain. The polarization of neutrophils and macrophages after cerebral ischemia is essential for post-stroke damage/recovery. However, it remains elusive whether PF11 ameliorates ischemic neuron injury by regulating the polarization of neutrophils and macrophages. The present study demonstrated for the first time that conditioned media from ischemic neurons induced neutrophils and macrophages to polarize into N1 and M1 phenotypes, respectively. Furthermore, PF11 (30, 100 μM) inhibited the induction of N1 neutrophils by conditioned media from oxygen glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R)-induced ischemic neurons and promoted the polarization of neutrophils to N2 phenotypes. In addition, PF11 (100 μM) attenuated the exacerbation of N1 neutrophils and facilitated the protection of N2 neutrophils on OGD/R-induced neuronal damage. Similarly, PF11 (100 μM) inhibited the induction of M1 macrophages by conditioned media from ischemic neurons and facilitated the polarization of macrophages to M2 phenotypes. What's more, PF11 (100 μM) attenuated the aggravation of M1 macrophages and promoted the protection of M2 macrophages on OGD/R-induced primary neuron injury. In summary, the present study indicates that PF11 ameliorates ischemic neuron damage by regulating neutrophils and macrophages polarization, suggesting that neutrophils and macrophages may be promising targets for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.