Evolutionary trends in human mandibles and dentition from Neolithic to current Chinese

This study aimed to systematically compare Neolithic mandibles and dentition with modern Chinese, and thereby discern human evolutionary trends.Neolithic remains of 45 adults unearthed at the Zhangqiu Jiaojia site, were compared with clinical records of 48 patients at Shandong University. All samples were scanned by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) using identical parameters. Digital imaging and communications in medicine images were collected, three-dimensional models reconstructed, and morphology measurements obtained using Mimics software.Neolithic mandibles were significantly larger in their vertical and sagittal dimensions (P .05), but similar in horizontal width to modern humans. Their condyles had fewer bird beak and crooked finger shaped morphologies than modern mandibles (P .05). Neolithic third molars were more often erupted than in modern mandibles, and their Position A, class I and II, and vertical impactions were more common (P .05). Neolithic teeth were generally smaller in crown lengths and in cross-sectional areas, than their modern counterparts (P .05).Neolithic mandibles were larger than modern humans, who have refined diets and mandibular atrophy. They had fewer abnormally shaped condylar morphologies, and much fewer third molar impactions than in modern humans. However, modern dentition particularly their crowns are larger, likely through genetic influx from migrations.