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What names for covert awareness? A systematic review

Authors :: Schnakers, Caroline
Bauer, Chase
Formisano, Rita
Noé, Enrique
Llorens, Roberto
Lejeune, Nicolas
Farisco, Michele
Teixeira, Liliana
Morrissey, Ann-Marie
De Marco, Sabrina
Veeramuthu, Vigneswaran
Ilina, Kseniya
Edlow, Brian L.
Gosseries, Olivia
Zandalasini, Matteo
De Bellis, Francesco
Thibaut, Aurore
Estraneo, Anna
Source :: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Schnakers, Caroline, Bauer, Chase, Formisano, Rita ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2516-0540 , Noé, Enrique ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2547-8727 , Llorens, Roberto ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8677-8707 , Lejeune, Nicolas, Farisco, Michele, Teixeira, Liliana, Morrissey, Ann-Marie, De Marco, Sabrina, Veeramuthu, Vigneswaran, Ilina, Kseniya, Edlow, Brian L., Gosseries, Olivia, Zandalasini, Matteo, De Bellis, Francesco, Thibaut, Aurore ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5991-1747 and Estraneo, Anna (2022) What names for covert awareness? A systematic review. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 16. ISSN 1662-5161
Publication Year :: 2022
Abstract: Background: With the emergence of Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI), clinicians have been facing a new group of patients with severe acquired brain injury who are unable to show any behavioral sign of consciousness but respond to active neuroimaging or electrophysiological paradigms. However, even though well documented, there is still no consensus regarding the nomenclature for this clinical entity. Objectives: This systematic review aims to 1) identify the terms used to indicate the presence of this entity through the years, and 2) promote an informed discussion regarding the rationale for these names and the best candidates to name this fascinating disorder. Methods: The Disorders of Consciousness Special Interest Group (DoC SIG) of the International Brain Injury Association (IBIA) launched a search on Pubmed and Google scholar following PRISMA guidelines to collect peer-reviewed articles and reviews on human adults (>18 years) published in English between 2006 and 2021. Results: The search launched in January 2021 identified 4,089 potentially relevant titles. After screening, 1,126 abstracts were found relevant. Finally, 161 manuscripts were included in our analyses. Only 58% of the manuscripts used a specific name to discuss this clinical entity, among which 32% used several names interchangeably throughout the text. We found 25 different names given to this entity. The five following names were the ones the most frequently used: covert awareness, cognitive motor dissociation, functional locked-in, non-behavioral MCS (MCS*) and higher-order cortex motor dissociation. Conclusion: Since 2006, there has been no agreement regarding the taxonomy to use for unresponsive patients who are able to respond to active neuroimaging or electrophysiological paradigms. Developing a standard taxonomy is an important goal for future research studies and clinical translation. We recommend a Delphi study in order to build such a consensus. Fil: Schnakers, Caroline. Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare. Research Institute; Estados Unidos Fil: Bauer, Chase. Western University of Health Sciences. College of Osteopathic Medicine; Estados Unidos Fil: Formisano, Rita. IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation; Italia Fil: Noé, Enrique. Fundación Hospitales Vithas. Vithas Neuro Rehab Human Brain; España Fil: Llorens, Roberto. Fundación Hospitales Vithas. Vithas Neuro Rehab Human Brain; España Fil: Llorens, Roberto. Universitat Politècnica de València. Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería. Neurorehabilitation and Brain Research Group; España Fil: Lejeune, Nicolas. University of Liège. Coma Science Group. GIGA-Consciousness; Bélgica Fil: Lejeune, Nicolas. Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve. Centre Hospitalier Neurologique William Lennox; Bélgica Fil: Farisco, Michele. Uppsala University. Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics,; Suecia Fil: Farisco, Michele. Biology and Molecular Genetics Research Institute. Science and Society Unit, Biogem; Italia Fil: Teixeira, Liliana. Polytechnic of Leiria. School of Health Sciences. Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology; Portugal Fil: Morrissey, Ann-Marie. University of Limerick. Health Research Institute. Ageing Research Centre; Irlanda Fil: De Marco, Sabrina. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Clínica Universitaria Reina Fabiola; Argentina Fil: Veeramuthu, Vigneswaran. Subang Jaya Medical Center; Malasia Fil: Ilina, Kseniya. Research Center of Neurology; Rusia Fil: Ilina, Kseniya. Lomonosov Moscow State University. Faculty of Fundamental Medicine; Rusia Fil: Edlow, Brian L. Harvard Medical School. Massachusetts General Hospital; Estados Unidos Fil: Gosseries, Olivia. University of Liège. Coma Science Group; Bélgica Fil: Gosseries, Olivia. University Hospital of Liege. Centre du Cerveau; Bélgica Fil: Zandalasini, Matteo. Azienda USL di Piacenza. Dipartimento di Medicina Riabilitativa. Neuroriabilitazione e Medicina Riabilitativa Intensiva. Unità Spinale; Italia Fil: De Bellis, Francesco. IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi; Italia Fil: Thibaut, Aurore. University of Liège. Coma Science Group. GIGA-Consciousness; Bélgica Fil: Thibaut, Aurore. University Hospital of Liege. Centre du Cerveau; Bélgica Fil: Estraneo, Anna. IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi; Italia Fil: Estraneo, Anna. SM della Pietà General Hospital. Neurology Unit; Italia