Establishment veterinary education and organization of civilian and military veterinary practice in Europe from the 18th to 19th century

U radu je prikazano osnivanje veterinarskog školstva od samog početka u Lyonu 1762. g. do 1919. kada je osnovan Veterinarski fakultet u Zagrebu, a spomenuti su i osnivači, odnosno ravnatelji nekih tadašnjih veterinarskih škola. Prikazan je i pregled civilne i vojne organizacije veterinarstva po pojedinim tadašnjim državama. Budući da su veterinari u Hrvatskoj bili većinom školovani u Beču, to ćemo razvoj školstva i veterinarstva u Beču obraditi u posebnom radu. U Francuskoj je 1880. g. uz 419 vojnih veterinara djelovalo i 3 015 civilnih veterinara, ili ukupno 3 434 veterinara. U talijanskoj vojsci ukupno je bilo 142 veterinara, a u španjolskoj vojsci je 1881. g. bilo ukupno 252 veterinara. U belgijskoj vojsci 1868. g. bilo je 34 vojnih dok je bilo i 392 civilnih veterinara, a u Austriji u civilnoj službi bio je 297 veterinara. U Saskoj 1874. g. djeluje više od 200 civilnih veterinara i oko 40 vojnih veterinara, koji od 1864. g. imaju zajedničko veterinarsko društvo. U Prusiji se iz Naredbe od 21. 5. 1875. g. veterinarstvo potpuno odvaja od lječništva, a uz vojne veterinare bilo je ukupno 1 700 civilnih veterinara, i to 39 oblasnih, 422 kotarska, 16 graničnih i oko 1 000 privatnih veterinara. U Badenu su djelovala 54 kotarska veterinara, 65 u slobodnoj praksi i 20 vojnih veterinara i veterinarskih referenata, a u Würtenbergu je bilo 268 civilnih veterinara i 31 veterinar uposlen u vojsci. Nastava je u 19. stoljeću u Francuskoj u Lyonu od 1813. g. trajala 2, odnosno 3 godine, a od 1825. g. trajala je 4 godine. U Španjolskoj je nastava trajala 4, odnosno 5 godina. U Mađarskoj je u Budimpešti nastava 1851. g. godine trajala 2 semestra, a od 1875. g. trajala je 3 godine da bi od 1899. g. bila produžena na 4 godine, potom od 1922. g. studij traje 9, a od 1951. g. 10 semestara. U Njemačkoj je u Hannoveru nastava do 1845. g. trajala 2 godine, a od 1851. produžava se na 3 godine. U Berlinu nastava od 1836. g. traje 6 ili 7 semestara, a od 1878. g. sva je nastava produžena na 7 semestara. U Njemačkoj je u Münchenu studij od 1790. g. trajao 3 godine.
This paper presents the establishment of veterinary education from its beginnings Lyon in 1762, until 1919, when the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine was established at the University of Zagreb (Croatia). It also presents an overview of the civil and military organization of the veterinary practice in former states. Since the majority of veterinarians from Croatia were educated in Vienna, the development of veterinary education in Vienna will be considered elsewhere. In 1880, there was a total of 3,434 veterinarians in France, of whom 419 were military veterinarians and 3,015 were civilian veterinarians. The Italian army included 142 veterinarians, while the Spanish army included 252 veterinarians in 1881. In 1868, the Belgian army had 34 military veterinarians, and 392 civilian veterinarians. In Austria there were 297 veterinarians in the civil service. In Saskia province, more than 200 civilian veterinarians and about 40 military veterinarians were employed, and the veterinary society was established in 1864. According to an 1875 Regulation, the veterinary practice was completely separated from the medical practice in Prussia, where in addition to military veterinarians, the total of 1,700 veterinarian also included 39 regional, 422 community, 16 border and about 1,000 private veterinarians. Baden province had 54 community veterinarians, 65 practitioners and 20 military veterinarians and veterinary officers. In Würtenberg province, there were 268 civilian veterinarians and 31 military veterinarians. In the 19th century, veterinary education began in France (Lyon) in 1813 with a 2 or 3-year programme, but in 1825 was extended to 4 years. In Spain, the education lasted for 4 or 5 years. In Hungary, Budapest, the education began in 1851 and lasted 2 semesters, in 1875 it lasted 3 semesters, and finally in 1899 it was extended to 4 years. In 1922, the programme lasted for 9 semesters and from year 1951 for 10 semesters. In Germany, Hannover since 1845, education lasted for 2 years and in 1851 it was extended to 3 years. In Berlin, the education started in 1836 and lasted for 6 or 7 semesters, and from 1878 was extended to 7 semesters. In Germany, München, the study of veterinary medicine began in 1790 and lasted for 3 years.