Prebiotic Supplementation in Kidney Transplant Recipients for Preventing Infections and Gastrointestinal Upset: A Randomized Controlled Feasibility Study

Modulating the large intestinal microbiome of kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) may reduce infectious complications. The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial of prebiotics in reducing infections and gastrointestinal symptoms in KTRs.Acute KTRs were recruited to a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial at a single kidney transplant center. Patients were provided with prebiotics or placebo for 7 weeks. The primary outcome was feasibility, defined as recruitment of ≥80% of eligible people within 6 months. Secondary outcomes included adherence and tolerability, participant retention in trial, proportions of participants providing serum and stool specimens, self-reported quality of life, gastrointestinal symptoms, and infection events.During the 7-week period, 72 patients met eligibility criteria, of whom 60 (83%) consented to participate (mean ± standard deviation age 53 ± 12 years; 62% males). Fifty-six (78%) participants were randomized (27 interventions and 29 controls). Although participants receiving intervention experienced reduced gastrointestinal symptoms (-0.28 [interquartile range, IQR -0.67 to 0.08] vs. -0.07 [IQR -0.27 to 0], P = .03), both control and intervention groups were similar in adherence (67% vs. 72%, P = .36), tolerability (56% vs. 62%, P = .64), quality of life (-0.2 [IQR -0.6 to 0] vs. -0.2 [IQR -0.8 to 0], P = .82), and infection events (33% vs. 34%, P = .83). Blood and stool samples were collected from ≥90% of participants in both groups.It is feasible to recruit and retain acute KTRs in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial examining the effect of prebiotics on infections and gastrointestinal symptoms. This study also showed that prebiotics significantly reduced gastrointestinal symptoms.