Intrapuparial Development and Age Estimation of Calliphora grahami (Diptera: Calliphoridae) for Postmortem Interval Estimation

Calliphora grahami (Aldrich, 1930) (Diptera: calliphoridae) is a forensically important blow fly that is widely distributed across Asia, North America, Russia, and Mexico. Calliphora grahami is frequently found on corpses during the spring, autumn, and winter seasons. It is among the early colonizers of cadavers during the cold season, and sometimes, the only necrophagous blow fly on cadavers. Therefore, this species is of forensic significance, although very few studies have explored the application of its intrapuparial age for PMI estimation. This study aimed to examine the intrapuparial development of C. grahami and establish a method for estimating its intrapuparial age. Herein, the C. grahami puparia were studied under six different temperatures (13, 16, 19, 22, 25, and 28°C) for the intrapuparial age estimation, and a total of 5776 puparia were sampled. The morphological changes were divided into 11 stages based on the 1) development of legs and wings, 2) differentiation of the head, thorax, and abdomen, 3) growth and color of the bristles, and 4) color changes of the compound eyes. The corresponding time of each stage was determined. Moreover, the observation and classification of individual morphological features, including compound eyes, antennae, mouthparts, thorax, abdomen, legs, and wings was used to improve the precision of intrapuparial age estimation. The findings of this study provide important information on the use of C. grahami intrapuparia to estimate the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin).