What role of renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption and output is needed to initially mitigate CO2 emissions in MENA region?

This study attempts to explore the causal relationship between renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption, output and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions for 10 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries over the period of 1980–2009. The results from panel Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) show that renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption add in CO 2 emissions while output (real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita) exhibits an inverted U-shaped relationship with CO 2 emissions i.e. the environment Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is validated. The short-run dynamics indicate the unidirectional causality running from renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption and output to CO 2 emissions. In the long-run, there appears to be a bidirectional causality between electricity consumption (renewable and non-renewable) and CO 2 emissions. The findings suggest that future reductions in CO 2 emissions might be achieved at the cost of economic growth.