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Mechanisms of toxicity in C9FTLD/ALS
- Source :
- Acta Neuropathologica. 127:359-376
- Publication Year :
- 2014
- Publisher :
- Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2014.
-
Abstract
- A hexanucleotide repeat expansion within a non-coding region of the C9ORF72 gene is the most common mutation causative of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Elucidating how this bidirectionally transcribed G4C2·C4G2 expanded repeat causes "C9FTLD/ALS" has since become an important goal of the field. Likely pathogenic mechanisms include toxicity induced by repeat-containing RNAs, and loss of C9orf72 function due to epigenetic changes resulting in decreased C9ORF72 mRNA expression. With regards to the former, sense and antisense transcripts of the expanded repeat aberrantly interact with various RNA-binding proteins and form discrete nuclear structures, termed RNA foci. These foci have the capacity to sequester select RNA-binding proteins, thereby impairing their function. (G4C2)exp and (C4G2)exp transcripts also succumb to an alternative fate: repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation. This unconventional mode of translation, which occurs in the absence of an initiating codon, results in the abnormal production of poly(GA), poly(GP), poly(GR), poly(PR) and poly(PA) peptides, collectively referred to as C9RAN proteins. C9RAN proteins form neuronal inclusions throughout the central nervous system of C9FTLD/ALS patients and may contribute to disease pathogenesis. This review aims to summarize the important findings from studies examining mechanisms of disease in C9FTLD/ALS, and will also highlight some of the many questions in need of further investigation.
- Subjects :
- Biology
Article
Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
C9orf72
medicine
Animals
Humans
Epigenetics
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Genetics
DNA Repeat Expansion
C9orf72 Protein
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Brain
Proteins
RNA
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Translation (biology)
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
medicine.disease
Spinal Cord
Neurology (clinical)
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
Trinucleotide repeat expansion
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 14320533 and 00016322
- Volume :
- 127
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Acta Neuropathologica
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....f7761f7b64156d9d38ab5cc5f833c85c