Inhibition of matrix-proteases by polyphenols: chemical insights for anti-inflammatory and anti-invasion drug design

Flavanols—a class of plant polyphenols abundant in tea leaves and grape seeds and skins—have been found to inhibit some matrix-proteases instrumental in inflammation and cancer invasion, such as leukocyte elastase (LE) and gelatinases. In order to establish the relationship between chemical structure and activity, 27 different flavonoids (antocyanidins, dihydrochalcones, dihydroflavonols, flavanolignans, flavanols, flavones, flavonols and isoflavones) and other compounds with anti-oxidant properties were evaluated for their potential in blocking LE and gelatinase activities. LE activity was measured using a chromogenic substrate: from comparison of the different levels of inhibition, it was deduced that a crucial role in inhibition might be played by a galloyl moiety or hydroxyl group at C3, three hydroxyl groups at B ring, one hydroxyl group at C4′, and a 2,3-double bond. Gelatinase activity was measured using the gelatin-zymography assay, and its inhibition showed that three hydroxyl groups at the A or B ring, or, for non-planar molecules, a galloyl moiety at C3 could be determinant. This comparative study is proposed as a basis for designing new molecules with enhanced anti-proteolytic activities, and no or reduced side-effects, for use in hindering inflammation, cancer invasion and angiogenesis.