Bovine Chromaffin Cells Release a Transforming Growth Factor-β-Like Molecule Contained Within Chromaffin Granules

Bovine chromaffin cells contain within their storage vesicles and release upon cholinergic stimulation a complex mixture of proteins and peptides. We present data suggesting that one of these proteins resembles transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in terms of its biological activity. The assay used to assess the activity of TGF-beta is based on cells transfected with a plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter-luciferase construct. The assay is highly specific in detecting TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 but does not detect several cytokines and growth factors, such as fibroblast growth factor-2, transforming growth factor-alpha, platelet-derived growth factor-AB, insulin-like growth factor-1, or neurotrophin-3 or -4. Moreover, we show that this assay does not detect a wide range of TGF-beta superfamily members (activin A, bone morphogenetic protein-2, -4, -6, and -7, growth/differentiation factor-5, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor). Chromaffin granules contain approximately 1 ng of TGF-beta/10 mg of protein. The biological activity elicited by the chromaffin granule component can be neutralized by using an antibody against TGF-beta 1/beta 2/beta 3. TGF-beta is releasable from cultured chromaffin cells stimulated with the cholinergic agonist carbachol (10(-5) M). These data suggest that TGF-beta is stored in chromaffin granules and can be released by exocytosis.