Relationships between arthropod richness, evenness, and diversity are altered by complementarity among plant genotypes

Biodiversity is quantified via richness (e.g., the number of species), evenness (the relative abundance dis- tribution of those species), or proportional diversity (a combination of richness and evenness, such as the Shannon index, H 0 ). While empirical studies show no consistent relationship between these aspects of biodiversity within communities, the mechanisms leading to inconsistent relationships have received little attention. Here, using common evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) and its associated arthropod community, we show that relation- ships between arthropod richness, evenness, and propor- tional diversity are altered by plant genotypic richness. Arthropod richness increased with O. biennis genotypic richness due to an abundance-driven accumulation of species in response to greater plant biomass. Arthropod evenness and proportional diversity decreased with plant genotypic richness due to a nonadditive increase in abun- dance of a dominant arthropod, the generalist florivore/ omnivore Plagiognathas politus (Miridae). The greater quantity of flowers and buds produced in polycultures— which resulted from positive complementarity among O. biennis genotypes—increased the abundance of this dominant insect. Using choice bioassays, we show that floral quality did not change in plant genotypic mixtures. These results elucidate mechanisms for how plant geno- typic richness can modify relationships between arthropod richness, evenness, and proportional diversity. More broadly, our results suggest that trophic interactions may be a previously underappreciated factor controlling relation- ships between these different aspects of biodiversity.