The Emerging Role of the Interaction of Extracellular Vesicle and Autophagy—Novel Insights into Neurological Disorders

Wei Wei,1,2,* Yongli Pan,2,3,* Xinyu Yang,4 Zhonglun Chen,1 Yue Heng,1 Bufan Yang,1 Mingjun Pu,1 Jiacai Zuo,1 Zhuhong Lai,5 Yufeng Tang,1 Wenqiang Xin2,4 1Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany; 3Department of Neurology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Cardiology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Wenqiang Xin, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin, 300052, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86– 18526201182, Fax +86– 2260362062, Email xinwenqiangdr@126.com Wei Wei, Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Changjia Lane No. 12, Mianyang, 621000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86– 15983634286, Fax +86-8162222566, Email weiwei1990sci@163.comAbstract: Eukaryotic cells release different types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, apoptotic bodies and microvesicles. EVs carry proteins, lipids and nucleic acids specific to cells and cell states. Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process, which, along with EVs, can significantly affect the development and progression of neurological diseases and, therefore, has been the hotspot. Generally, EVs and autophagy are closely associated. EVs and autophagy can interact with each other. On the one hand, the level of autophagy in target cells is closely related to the secretion and transport of EVs. In another, the application of EVs provides a great opportunity for adjuvant treatment of neurological disorders, for which autophagy is an excellent target. EVs can release their cargos into target cells, which, in turn, regulate the autophagic level of target cells through autophagy-related proteins directly and the non-coding RNA, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) 1-B, etc. signaling pathways indirectly, thus regulating the development of related neurological disorders.Keywords: extracellular vesicle, autophagy, neurological disorders, non-coding RNA, STAT3, PDE1-B