4D Neutron and X ray Tomography Studies of High Energy Density Primary Batteries Part I. Dynamic Studies of LiSOCl2 during Discharge

The understanding of dynamic processes in Li metal batteries is an important consideration to enable the full capacity of cells to be utilised. These processes, however, are generally not directly observable using X ray techniques due to the low attenuation of Li; and are challenging to visualise using neutron imaging due to the low temporal resolution of the technique. In this work, complementary X ray and neutron imaging are combined to track the dynamics of Li within a primary Li SOCl2 cell. The temporal challenges posed by neutron imaging are overcome using the golden ratio imaging method which enables the identification of Li diffusion in operando. This combination of techniques has enabled an improved understanding of the processes which limit rate performance in Li SOCl2 cells and may be applied beyond this chemistry to other Li metal cells.