Secondary phase assisted grain boundary migration in CuInSe2

Significant structural evolution occurs during the deposition of CuInSe2 solar materials when the Cu content increases. We use in situ heating in a scanning transmission electron microscope to directly observe how grain boundaries migrate during heating, causing nondefected grains to consume highly defected grains. Cu substitutes for In in the near grain boundary regions, turning them into a Cu Se phase topotactic with the CuInSe2 grain interiors. Together with density functional theory and molecular dynamics calculations, we reveal how this Cu Se phase makes the grain boundaries highly mobile