COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES FOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE

Ovaj rad temelji se na isticanju važnosti pohrane električne energije, njezina potreba u sadašnjosti pa tako i budućnosti. Navedena je podjela sustava pohrane, dok su detaljno opisani elektrokemijski odnosno baterijski sustavi pohrane te je istaknuta njihova važnost u daljnjem napretku cijelog elektroenergetskog sustava. Također su opisani neki od osnovnih modela baterije te njen princip rada. Detaljno je opisano devet tehnologija baterija za pohranu električne energije, a to su: olovne baterije (Pb-acid), litij-ionske baterije (Li-ion), nikal-kadmij baterije (NiCd), nikal-metal hidrid baterije (NiMH), natrij-sumpor baterije (NaS), natrij nikal klorid baterije (NaNiCl), vanadij-redoks protočne baterije (VRFB), cink-brom protočne baterije (ZBFB) te polusulfid-bromid protočne baterije (PBFB). Istaknute su njihove karakteristike, prednosti i nedostaci te njihova primjena. U praktičnom dijelu rada provedeno je ispitivanje karakteristika navedenih tehnologija baterija, a sam proces ispitivanja napisan je i izveden u programu Matlab (MATrix LABoratory), dok su rezultati i analize predstavljeni pomoću programa Microsoft Excel-a. Istaknute su karakteristike poput punjenja odnosno pražnjenja baterija, stanja napunjenosti baterija (SoC), te količine energije koja predstavlja višak ili manjak u odnosu na količinu energije potrebne za napunjenost baterije. Time se dobio bolji prikaz svih obrađenih tehnologija baterija za pohranu električne energije i mogućnost usporedbe istih. This paper is based on emphasizing the importance of electrical energy storage, its need in the present and also in the future. The division of the storage system is indicated, while the electrochemical and battery storage systems are described in detail and their importance in the further progress of the entire power system is highlighted. Some of the basic models of the battery and its working principle are also described. Nine battery technologies for electrical energy storage are described in detail, namely: lead batteries (Pb-acid), lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion), nickel-cadmium batteries (NiCd), nickel-metal hybrid batteries (NiMH), sodium-sulfur batteries (NaS), sodium nickel chloride batteries (NaNiCl), vanadium-redox flow batteries (VRFB), zinc-bromine flow batteries (ZBFB) and polysulfide-bromine flow batteries (PBFB). Their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages and their application are highlighted. In the practical part, a test of the characteristics of the mentioned battery technologies was carried out, and the test process itself was written and performed in the Matlab program (MATrix LABoratory), while the results and analyzes were presented using the Microsoft Excel program. Characteristics such as charging or discharging batteries, the state of charge of batteries (SoC), and the amount of energy that represents an excess or deficit in relation to the amount of energy needed to charge the battery are highlighted. This resulted in a better presentation of all processed battery technologies for electric energy storage and the possibility of comparing them.