Depression and anxiety in Turkish and Moroccan minorities in the Netherlands:Prevalence, symptoms, risk factors and protective factors A systematic review

background In clinical practice, psychiatrists experience difficulties in treating depression and anxiety in patients with a non-Western cultural background. Is this the result of differences in symptom profile, or are different risk factors involved? aim To present a review of the findings in population studies on the prevalence, symptoms, risk factors and protective factors for depressive disorders and anxiety disorders in Turkish and Moroccan minorities, compared to the Dutch majority population. METHOD A systematic review of the literature. results Eighteen publications were selected, based on nine datasets.The prevalence of depressive disorders and anxiety disorders was increased in the Turkish minority population, compared to the Dutch native population.The symptom profile was highly comparable between minority and majority groups, as well as association of the risk factors neuroticism and physical impairments with depression. Discrimination was a risk factor, and participation in the Dutch society a protective factor in the minority groups. In all ethnic groups, active coping and positive religious coping were associated with less depressive symptoms. conclusion The increased prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders in Turkish-Dutch patients calls for new preventive and treatment initiatives in this population.These initiatives need to address subgroup- specific risk factors, in particular discrimination and lack of social participation, as well as the common risk factors that apply to all population groups.