Association between

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to investigate the association between (18)F-fludeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) uptake in positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT) scans and different programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression conditions in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: From October 2017 to December 2019, NSCLC was retrospectively identified in 419 consecutive patients who underwent (18)F-FDG PET/CT scans and PD-L1 expression tests using the PD-L1 22C3 assay. The association between clinicopathological characteristics and PD-L1 expression was assessed. RESULTS: The frequency of PD-L1-positive tumours was 38.2% (160/419) in NSCLC. In NSCLC, the multivariate analysis showed a high maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax) (p < 0.0001) and an EGFR wild type genotype (p = 0.027) was significantly associated with PD-L1-positivity. In adenocarcinoma (ADC), the multivariate analysis showed that a high SUVmax (p < 0.0001) was significantly associated with PD-L1-positivity. In NSCLC and ADC, a Mann–Whitney U test showed significant differences between groups with PD-L1 high expression and PD-L1 low expression levels in terms of SUVmax (p = 0.011 and p = 0.013, respectively). The results of the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of the SUVmax was 0.767 (95% CI, 0.720–0.814; p < 0.0001) and 0.712 (95% CI, 0.651–0.774; p < 0.0001) in NSCLC and ADC, respectively. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that the SUVmax was significantly associated with PD-L1 expression in NSCLC and ADC. The SUVmax was significantly different between the PD-L1 high and low expression conditions, as quantified using a PD-L1 22C3 assay. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: This study provides direct evidence that SUVmax as a metabolic biomarker may help select patients with NSCLC likely to benefit from pembrolizumab.