Selective induction of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor by methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. The involvement of reactive oxygen species formation and a possible implication for atherogenesis in diabetes

Methylglyoxal (MG) and 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), reactive dicarbonyl metabolites in the glyoxalase system and glycation reaction, respectively, selectively induced heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF)-like growth factor mRNA in a dose- and time-dependent manner in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMC). A nuclear run-on assay revealed that the dicarbonyl may regulate expression of HB-EGF at the transcription level. The dicarbonyl also increased the secretion of HB-EGF from RASMC. However, platelet-derived growth factor, another known growth factor of smooth muscle cells (SMC), was not induced by both dicarbonyls. The dicarbonyl augmented intracellular peroxides prior to the induction of HB-EGF mRNA as judged by flow cytometric analysis using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine and aminoguanidine suppressed both dicarbonyl-increased HB-EGF mRNA and intracellular peroxide levels in RASMC. DL-Buthionine-(S, R)-sulfoximine increased the levels of 3-DG-induced HB-EGF mRNA. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide alone also induced HB-EGF mRNA in RASMC. These results indicate that MG and 3-DG induce HB-EGF by increasing the intracellular peroxide levels. In addition, the pretreatment with 12-O-tetra-decanoylphorbol-13-acetate failed to alter dicarbonyl-induced HB-EGF mRNA expression in RASMC, suggesting that the signal transducing mechanism is not mediated by protein kinase C. Since HB-EGF is known as a potent mitogen for smooth muscle cells and is abundant in atherosclerotic plaques, the induction of HB-EGF by MG and 3-DG, as well as the concomitant increment of intracellular peroxides, may trigger atherogenesis during diabetes.