Release of adenosine-induced immunosuppression: Comprehensive characterization of dual A

Immunosuppression is one of the main mechanisms facilitating tumor expansion. It may be driven by immune checkpoint protein expression, anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion or enhanced metabolic enzyme production, leading to the subsequent build-up of metabolites such as adenosine. Under physiological conditions, adenosine prevents the development of tissue damage resulting from a prolonged immune response; the same mechanism might be employed by tumor tissue to promote immunosuppression. Immune cells expressing A