The influence of freestream turbulence on the near-field growth of a turbulent cylinder wake: turbulent entrainment and wake meandering

The effect of freestream turbulence on the spreading of the near wake of a circular cylinder is investigated through particle image velocimetry (PIV) data. Different ``flavours'' of freestream turbulence, in which the turbulence intensity and integral length scale are independently varied, are subjected to the cylinder. The time-averaged spreading of the near wake is decoupled into the growth through entrainment and the envelope of the spatial extent of the instantaneous wake due to wake ``meandering'', induced by the presence of large-scale coherent structures, i.e. the von Karman vortex street. Unlike for the far field of a turbulent wake, examined by Kankanwadi and Buxton (2020), it is shown that freestream turbulence enhances the entrainment rate into the wake in comparison to a non-turbulent background. Both the turbulence intensity and the integral length scale of the background turbulence are important in this regard, contrasting to the far wake where only the turbulence intensity is important. Additionally, wake meandering is enhanced by the presence of background turbulence, and here the integral length scale is the dominant parameter. Combining these findings yields the oft-reported result that background turbulence enhances the time-averaged near-wake growth rate. The influence of wake meandering is isolated by conducting similar experiments in which a splitter plate is mounted to the rear face of the cylinder, thereby eliminating the von Karman vortex street. These results show that when large-scale vortices aren't present within the turbulent wake then freestream turbulence actually suppresses the entrainment rate, relative to a non-turbulent background, in results that mirror Kankanwadi and Buxton (2020). We therefore postulate that freestream turbulence has the effect to enhance large-scale entrainment via engulfment, but suppress entrainment via small-scale nibbling.
Comment: 26 pages, 19 figures, submitted to Physical Review Fluids