A Noisy Approach to Intrinsically Mixed-State Topological Order

We propose a general framework for studying two-dimensional (2D) topologically ordered states subject to local correlated errors and show that the resulting mixed-state can display intrinsically mixed-state topological order (imTO) -- topological order which is not expected to occur in the ground state of 2D local gapped Hamiltonians. Specifically, we show that decoherence, previously interpreted as anyon condensation in a doubled Hilbert space, is more naturally phrased as, and provides a physical mechanism for, ``gauging out" anyons in the original Hilbert space. We find that gauging out anyons generically results in imTO, with the decohered mixed-state strongly symmetric under certain anomalous 1-form symmetries. This framework lays bare a striking connection between the decohered density matrix and topological subsystem codes, which can appear as anomalous surface states of 3D topological orders. Through a series of examples, we show that the decohered state can display a classical memory, encode logical qubits (i.e., exhibit a quantum memory), and even host chiral or non-modular topological order. We argue that a partial classification of imTO is given in terms of non-modular braided fusion categories.
Comment: 17 pages, 2 figures. Both authors contributed equally to this work. v2: typos fixed and references updated. v3: clarified definition of imTO in terms of strong 1-form symmetries, added a section on locally detectable anyon types, and added a discussion regarding mixed-state phases