MARS: Multi-radio Architecture with Radio Selection using Decision Trees for emerging mesoscale CPS/IoT applications

IoT is rapidly growing from small-scale apps to large-scale apps. Small-scale apps employ short-range radios like Zigbee,BLE while large-scale apps employ long-range radios like LoRa,NB-IoT. The other upcoming category of apps like P2P energy-trade in smart homes are termed mesoscale IoT apps. There are no specialized radios for these apps. They either use short/long-range radios. To close this gap, we explored mesoscale apps using the COTS IoT radios available. Our qualitative analysis identifies Zigbee and LoRa as potential candidates. Our quantitative analysis on single and multi-hop topologies showed that Zigbee and LoRa achieve competitive throughput at a distance of 500-1200m from the gateway. A fundamental finding of these analyses is that a multi-radio system that can efficiently switch between Zigbee and LoRa performs better than the single-radio systems. However, instantaneously selecting and switching to a high-throughput radio during transmission is not trivial because of the erratic link quality dynamics. To address this issue, we developed MARS, that uses path quality metrics to instantaneously select the high-throughput radio during transmission. However, realizing MARS on resource-constrained end devices entails the challenge of obtaining instantaneous path-quality metrics. Traditional path quality estimation is not instantaneous due to propagation and queuing delays. We overcome this challenge by showing that collecting local path metrics as input to our decision trees provides sufficient information to instantaneously identify the high-throughput radio. The radio selector of MARS is powered by TAO-CART trees. The evaluation of MARS on a large-scale mesh topology at two different locations shows that MARS can efficiently identify and switch to the high-throughput radio during transmission, leading to an average throughput gain of 48.2% and 49.79% over its competitors.