Advancements in Maize Cultivation: Synergistic Effects of Dry Atmospheric Plasma Combined with Plasma-Activated Water

In this study, we investigate the effects of pre-germinative and post-germinative plasma treatments, applied separately or in combination, to improve maize germination and early seedling development. Pre-germinative treatment consists of priming the seeds with a dry atmospheric plasma (DAP) generated by a dielectric barrier device (DBD), characterized by minimal radiative emission, low electrical power (4 W) and high emissions of O, OH and NO radicals. Post-germinative treatment, known as plasma-activated water (PAW), uses a single-pin electrode device (SPED) to generate a DC discharge that features a power of 126 W and produces large amounts of OH radicals. The resulting PAW, after 5 minutes of SPED treatment, induces a slight acidification and increased concentrations of nitrate ions (from 24 to 250 mg/L), nitrite ions (from less than 0.1 to 56.1 mg/L) and hydrogen peroxide (from 0.3 to 18.5 mg/L). Results indicate that DAP applied on maize seeds for 20 min boosts their germination rate up to 90% (versus only 65% for untreated seeds) while reducing the median germination time by 37.5%. Then, seedling growth monitoring is achieved on control, DAP, PAW and DAP+PAW groups to assess stem length, hypocotyl length, leaf count, collar diameter and fresh/dry mass. The DAP+PAW group shows the most robust growth, demonstrating a synergistic effect of the combined treatments, particularly with significantly longer stem lengths. Additionally, physiological analyses of seedling leaves indicate a decrease in chlorophyll content despite enhanced growth, while fluorescence microscopy reveals a reduction in stomatal density in leaves treated with DAP and PAW, especially in the combined treatment group, potentially impacting photosynthetic efficiency and water regulation.