Network Dynamics in Mixed Martial Arts: A Complex Systems Approach to Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) Competition Insights

The Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) has grown from a niche combat sport promotion into a globally recognized competitive enterprise. This study applies complex network analysis to explore the structural evolution of UFC matchmaking and its impact on competitive dynamics, fighter prominence, and audience engagement. By constructing directed and undirected networks where fighters represent nodes and bouts define edges, we examine key metrics such as degree distribution, clustering, betweenness centrality, and eigenvector centrality. Our findings reveal how the UFC's matchmaking strategies transitioned from tightly clustered, repetitive matchups in its early years to a more decentralized and strategically curated fight network. We identify distinct structural properties between winners and losers, showing that successful fighters maintain centrality while frequently losing fighters exhibit surprising degrees of sustained connectivity. Correlations with Pay-Per-View sales and Google search trends suggest that network dispersion and novelty in matchups drive greater audience interest, while excessive clustering and density reduce engagement. Furthermore, comparisons with official rankings (Pound-for-Pound, champions, and top-15 fighters) demonstrate that traditional success metrics only partially align with network-based prominence, highlighting the complex interplay between structural connectivity, commercial appeal, and competitive success. This research contributes to the understanding of sports as complex adaptive systems and provides insights into how strategic matchmaking shapes both competitive integrity and economic viability in professional mixed martial arts.
Comment: 27 pages, 21 figures, 1 table