Effects of Fluoride on germination, morphological and anatomical structure in Rumex crispus L.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of sodium fluoride stress on germination and early seedling growth stages of Rumex seeds was conducted in a completely randomized design. The results showed that germination percentage was significant at 5% probability level, but germination rate was not significant. Plumule and radicle length, fresh weight of plumule and radicle, radicle and plumule dry weight were significant at the 5 percent level. Stress caused by sodium fluoride affects the germination of Rumex and seeds are sensitive to sodium fluoride. In the morphological study, harmful effects of sodium fluoride as necrosis, chlorosis, and wounds in the leaf, premature aging and wilting treated plants were observed. In roots and petioles, by increasing the concentration of sodium fluoride up to 0.5 mg L-1, the thickness of the xylem and phloem decreased and increased with increasing concentration due to plant consistency. By increasing the concentration of sodium fluoride to 0.5 mg L-1, the thickness of the xylem and phloem of root and petiole thickness decreased and with increasing the concentration of sodium fluoride due to plant adaptation increased. Also, by increasing the levels of sodium fluoride concentration to 0.5 mg L-1 sodium fluoride, the thickness of the mesophilic and total leaf thickness decreased and then increased with increasing sodium fluoride concentration, which can be said decrease the leaf thickness due to increasing of fluoride due to reducing plant ability in the absorption of water leads to reduced growth.