Usefulness of ventilatory inefficiency in predicting prognosis across the heart failure spectrum

Abstract Aims The minute ventilation–carbon dioxide production relationship (VE/VCO2 slope) is widely used for prognostication in heart failure (HF) with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). This study explored the prognostic value of VE/VCO2 slope across the spectrum of HF defined by ranges of LVEF. Methods and results In this single‐centre retrospective observational study of 1347 patients with HF referred for cardiopulmonary exercise testing, patients with HF were categorized into HF with reduced (HFrEF, LVEF