Risk factors for early septic failure after two-stage exchange total knee arthroplasty for treatment of periprosthetic joint infection

Abstract Background The cause of early septic failure after two-stage exchange revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for chronic periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) and the factors affecting it are not well known. The purpose of this study was to determine the surgical outcomes and the risk factors for early septic failure after two-stage revision TKA for chronic PJI. Methods We identified a total of 246 adult patients who met the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) diagnostic criteria for chronic PJI at two academic tertiary hospitals from March 2012 to December 2018. Finally, 151 patients who consecutively received two-stage exchange revision TKA for chronic PJI and who had a minimum 3-year follow-up were enrolled and retrospectively reviewed. Successful surgical treatment was evaluated for two-stage revision TKA and risk factors for early septic failure were identified. Results Early septic failures occurred within 3 years after reimplantation in 48 patients (31.8%). After accounting for potentially confounding variables, we found that male patient [odds ratio (OR): 2.753, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.099–6.893, p = 0.031], fungus or mycobacterial infection (OR: 5.224, 95% CI 1.481–18.433, p = 0.01), and positive culture at reimplantation (OR: 4.407, 95% CI 1.255–15.480, p = 0.021) were independently associated with early septic failure after two-stage exchange revision TKA. Conclusion Male patients, fungus or mycobacterial infection, and positive culture at reimplantation were independently associated with an increased risk of early septic failure after two-stage exchange revision TKA despite normal C-reactive protein values prior to reimplantation. Further prospective and high-quality studies are needed to determine the risk factors of two-stage exchange revision TKA for chronic PJI. Level of evidence: level IV; retrospective comparison; treatment study.