Recent symptomatic Omicron infection reduced COVID-19 pneumonia risk during reinfection: A computed tomography–based cohort study

Objectives: SARS-CoV-2 infection could cause persistent lung injury or indicate potential genetic susceptibilities. Although infection-elicited hybrid immunity could protect against severe COVID-19, it remains unknown whether recent infection could reduce pneumonia risk during reinfection due to insufficient viral and chest computed tomography (CT) screening. Methods: A total of 15,598 patients, 96% fully vaccinated and 52% boosted, from Xiangyang, China, who had symptomatic COVID-19 and chest CT scans during the first Omicron BF.7 wave in December 2022 to January 2023, were followed through the second Omicron XBB.1.5 wave between May and August 2023. A total of 17,968 second-wave patients with COVID-19 with chest CT scans but without previous symptomatic COVID-19 were enrolled as first-time infection controls. Results: A total of 19.6% (3,061 of 15,598) first-wave patients were diagnosed with pneumonia. Among second-wave reinfected patients, only 0.2% (four of 2202) developed pneumonia, which was lower than the 1.7% (311 of 17,968) pneumonia prevalence among the second-wave first-time patients, with an adjusted relative risk of 0.11 (95% confidence interval: 0.04-0.29). A total of 1.3% (40 of 3,039) first-wave pneumonia survivors showed residual abnormal patterns in follow-up CT scans within 8 months after pneumonia diagnosis. Conclusions: In a highly vaccinated population, previous symptomatic Omicron infection within 8 months reduced pneumonia risk during reinfection. Uninfected individuals might need up-to-date vaccination to reduce pneumonia risk.