Monocentric, Retrospective Study on Infectious Complications within One Year after Solid-Organ Transplantation at a Belgian University Hospital

The epidemiology, diagnostic methods and management of infectious complications after solid-organ transplantation (SOT) are evolving. The aim of our study is to describe current infectious complications in the year following SOT and risk factors for their development and outcome. We conducted a retrospective study in adult SOT recipients in a Belgian university hospital between 2018 and 2019. We gathered demographic characteristics, comorbidities leading to transplantation, clinical, microbiological, surgery-specific and therapeutic data concerning infectious episodes, and survival status up to one year post-transplantation. Two-hundred-and-thirty-one SOT recipients were included (90 kidneys, 79 livers, 35 lungs, 19 hearts and 8 multiple organs). We observed 381 infections in 143 (62%) patients, due to bacteria (235 (62%)), viruses (67 (18%)), and fungi (32 (8%)). Patients presented a median of two (1–5) infections, and the first infection occurred during the first six months. Nineteen (8%) patients died, eleven (58%) due to infectious causes. Protective factors identified against developing infection were obesity [OR [IC]: 0.41 [0.19–0.89]; p = 0.025] and liver transplantation [OR [IC]: 0.21 [0.07–0.66]; p = 0.007]. Risk factors identified for developing an infection were lung transplantation [OR [IC]: 6.80 [1.17–39.36]; p = 0.032], CMV mismatch [OR [IC]: 3.53 [1.45–8.64]; p = 0.006] and neutropenia [OR [IC]: 2.87 [1.27–6.47]; p = 0.011]. Risk factors identified for death were inadequate cytomegalovirus prophylaxis, infection severity and absence of pneumococcal vaccination. Post-transplant infections were common. Addressing modifiable risk factors is crucial, such as pneumococcal vaccination.