New Displacement Method for Free Embedded Cantilever Walls in Sand

In the current literature, there is no practical formula to calculate the horizontal displacement of cantilever walls. To fill this gap, in the present study, eight formulae for the estimation of wall displacement were developed based on 431 FE wall model configurations. Each formula considers factors such as the wall height, embedment depth, surcharge load, unit weight, internal friction angle, elastic modulus of the surrounding soil, and flexural rigidity of the wall. The FE model, which was used in the development of the formula, was also validated against a physical laboratory study. In addition, the outputs obtained from the formulae were compared with the results of two laboratory studies and a real site study. Finally, a parametric study was performed to estimate the influence of formula input parameters on wall displacement.