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Electrophoretic Protein Deposition as a Tool for In Situ Co-Crosslinking Enzyme Immobilization: An Electrochemical/Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study

Authors :
Antonio Guerrieri
Rosanna Ciriello
Maria Assunta Acquavia
Giuliana Bianco
Angela Di Capua
Source :
Applied Sciences, Vol 14, Iss 1, p 212 (2023)
Publication Year :
2023
Publisher :
MDPI AG, 2023.

Abstract

Electrophoretic deposition is a powerful tool for depositing materials onto a substrate by using an electric field; its application in biotechnological areas, namely, electrophoretic protein deposition (EPD), is the most promising for, e.g., fabricating novel amperometric biosensors. Unfortunately, EPD suffers from several drawbacks due to coupled parasite electrochemical processes damaging the deposit; moreover, the nature of the deposition process, the deposit, and its stability are still controversial and unknown. The present research presents a deep investigation of the EPD processes conducted by using several electroanalytical techniques and an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM); notably, EPD was used here as a novel tool for performing an electrophoretically assisted, classical enzyme immobilization technique like co-crosslinking, thus permitting the immobilization of the desired protein in situ, i.e., exclusively onto the deposition electrode. An electrochemical study permitted the acquisition of useful insights about electrophoresis processes as well as solvent discharge and gas evolution at the deposition electrode; further, the use of appropriate current or potential pulse sequences, as investigated and improved in this study, together with fine-tuned chemical conditions, allowed the optimization of this novel EPD approach. Moreover, an EQCM study gave useful insights into the kinetics of the process, permitting a quantitative estimate of the deposit.

Details

Language :
English
ISSN :
20763417
Volume :
14
Issue :
1
Database :
Directory of Open Access Journals
Journal :
Applied Sciences
Publication Type :
Academic Journal
Accession number :
edsdoj.1fc3cd543e44b629920b2ca8b476d09
Document Type :
article
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010212