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The Large Ectodomain of APP Prevents APP from being Directly Cleaved by γ-Secretase
- Source :
- Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark, Vol 29, Iss 2, p 78 (2024)
- Publication Year :
- 2024
- Publisher :
- IMR Press, 2024.
-
Abstract
- Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the brain. Aβ is produced by sequential β- and γ-secretase cleavages of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Clinical trials targeting β- and γ-secretases have all failed, partly because of the strong side effects. The aims of this work were to determine if the direct cleavage of APP by γ-secretase inhibits Aβ production, and to identify γ-cleavage-inhibiting signals within APP that can be targeted to prevent Aβ generation without inhibiting any enzyme. Methods: An APP mutant mimicking secreted APPγ was overexpressed in cells to test β-cleavage and Aβ production. APP deletion and truncation mutants were overexpressed in cells to identify the γ-secretase-inhibiting domain. The intracellular transport of the mutants was examined using immunofluorescence. Co-immunoprecipitation was performed to investigate the molecular mechanisms. Results: The APP N-terminal fragment mimicking the direct γ-cleavage product was not cleaved by beta-secretase 1 to produce detectable Aβ. However, in cells, the C-terminal fragments of APP longer than the last 116 residues could not be cleaved by γ-secretase in cells. No deletion mutant was cleaved by γ-secretase. C99, the direct precursor of Aβ, was no longer a γ-secretase substrate when green fluorescent protein was fused to its N-terminus. The large ectodomains prevented access to γ-secretase. Conclusions: Enabling the direct γ-cleavage of APP is a new and valid strategy to reduce Aβ. However, APP does not inhibit γ-cleavage via a specific inhibitory sequence in the ectodomain. Other methods to fulfill the strategy may benefit AD prevention and therapy.
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 27686701
- Volume :
- 29
- Issue :
- 2
- Database :
- Directory of Open Access Journals
- Journal :
- Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- edsdoj.222e0ed798c5441f88544898289615db
- Document Type :
- article
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbl2902078