Stenotrophomonas maltophilia provokes NEU1-mediated release of a flagellin-binding decoy receptor that protects against lethal infection

Summary: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Sm), a multidrug-resistant pathogen often isolated from immunocompromised individuals, presents its flagellin to multimeric tandem repeats within the ectodomain of mucin-1 (MUC1-ED), expressed on airway epithelia. Flagellated Sm increases neuraminidase-1 (NEU1) sialidase association with and desialylation of MUC1-ED. This NEU1-mediated MUC1-ED desialylation unmasks cryptic binding sites for Sm flagellin, increasing flagellin and Sm binding to airway epithelia. MUC1 overexpression increases receptor number whereas NEU1 overexpression elevates receptor binding affinity. Silencing of either MUC1 or NEU1 reduces the flagellin-MUC1 interaction. Sm/flagellin provokes MUC1-ED autoproteolysis at a juxtamembranous glycine-serine peptide bond. MUC1-ED shedding from the epithelium not only occurs in vitro, but in the bronchoalveolar compartments of Sm/flagellin-challenged mice and patients with ventilator-associated Sm pneumonia. Finally, the soluble flagellin-targeting, MUC1-ED decoy receptor dose-dependently inhibits multiple Sm flagellin-driven pathogenic processes, in vitro, including motility, biofilm formation, adhesion, and proinflammatory cytokine production, and protects against lethal Sm lung infection, in vivo.