Ultrasound-guided phlebotomy in primary care for people who inject drugs

Abstract Objectives Persons who inject drugs (PWID) commonly experience venous degradation as a complication of prolonged injection, which makes routine phlebotomy difficult. Clients may decline care due to the perceived lack of skilled phlebotomy services, and this contributes to significant delays in infectious disease screening and treatment. In this study, we investigated ultrasound-guided phlebotomy in clients with difficult venous access receiving care at two low-threshold buprenorphine clinics. Our objectives were to increase the accuracy of vascular access, expedite infectious disease treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and increase client satisfaction with phlebotomy services. Methods PWID who declined routine phlebotomy at two clinic sites were offered ultrasound-guided vascular access by a trained clinician. Participants completed a survey to collect data regarding acceptability of the intervention. Results Throughout a 14-month period, 17 participants were enrolled. Of the total 30 procedures, 41.2% of clients returned for more than one phlebotomy visit, and 88.2% of clients achieved vascular access within 1 attempt. Of participating clients, 52.9% described themselves as having difficult venous access and at conclusion of the study, 58.8% expressed more willingness to have phlebotomy performed with an ultrasound device. Conclusions Offering ultrasound-guided phlebotomy for PWID with difficult venous access resulted in decreased access attempts, increased patient satisfaction, and expedited screening and treatment for HIV and HCV point-of-care ultrasound technology is an effective approach to improving care for persons who inject drugs.