New perspective to evaluate N1 staging: The peripheral lymph node metastasis status of non‐small cell lung cancer

Abstract Background Lymph node (LN) metastasis status is the decision‐making basis for the surgical procedure and adjuvant therapy modalities. Fewer studies have previously focused on LN metastasis in N1 station, especially on peripheral lymph node (PLN) metastasis in N1 station. This study aimed to reveal the metastasis status of PLN of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and investigate its effects on N staging. Methods We retrospectively evaluated a consecutive series of patients who underwent curative resection for histologically confirmed N1 NSCLC. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to analyze the effects of PLN on N staging. Results A total of 105 patients with confirmed pathological N1 (pN1) stage NSCLC with solitary nodule and without neoadjuvant therapy were enrolled into the study: 55 patients had intraperipheral LN metastasis (IPLNM), and 50 patients had extra‐peripheral LN metastasis (EPLNM). Before PSM analysis, type of location (P = 0.002), surgical procedure (P = 0.008), number of positive LNs (P = 0.029), number of LNs removed (P = 0.010), lobe of lung cancer (P = 0.031), and vascular invasion (P = 0.049) showed significant differences between the two groups. After PSM analysis, statistically there were differences in type of location (P = 0.034), number of positive LNs (P = 0.008) and vascular invasion (P = 0.049) between them. Conclusion PLN metastasis was a quite common pattern of LN metastasis in N1 station of NSCLC. IPLNM occurred more frequently in central NSCLC and NSCLC with vascular invasion, and thoracotomy was likely to secure more accurate PLN staging. Clinicians should pay great attention to PLN dissection. Follow‐up data will be needed in order to detect the prognosis of IPLNM patients.