The Atmospheric Heating Mechanism over the Tharsis Bulge of Mars and the Impact of Global Dust Storms

Mars atmospheric dynamics are crucial for understanding its climate and weather patterns, especially over plateaus. Previous studies have explored localized atmospheric heating mechanisms over Mars plateaus only to a little extent. The local atmospheric heating dynamics over the Tharsis plateau, especially during global dust storms (GDSs), have not been quantitatively analyzed before. Based on reanalysis datasets, our analysis reveals that the central highlands of Tharsis experience ~130 K diurnal temperature fluctuations, driven by intense daytime convective activity. Surface temperature and near-surface air temperatures show fluctuations approximately 25 K and 20 K higher than those at similar latitudes, respectively. We quantify a super-adiabatic lapse rate around noon that suggests strong atmospheric instability, previously unquantified in this region. By dusk, the atmosphere stabilizes, presenting a homogenized condition. At aphelion, sensible heating and adiabatic terms control the atmospheric heating, while, at perihelion, radiative and sensible heating predominate. Notably, the onset of GDS significantly alters this dynamic, reducing the ground–air temperature gap from 17 K to 5 K and enhancing diabatic heating (adiabatic cooling) in the mid-to-lower (mid-to-upper) troposphere, with increases in radiative components up to 60 W/m2.