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Third SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and breakthrough infections enhance humoral and cellular immunity against variants of concern
- Source :
- Frontiers in Immunology, Vol 14 (2023)
- Publication Year :
- 2023
- Publisher :
- Frontiers Media S.A., 2023.
-
Abstract
- IntroductionSARS-CoV-2 vaccination is the leading strategy to prevent severe courses after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In our study, we analyzed humoral and cellular immune responses in detail to three consecutive homologous or heterologous SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations and breakthrough infections.MethodsPeripheral blood samples of n=20 individuals were analyzed in the time course of three SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations and/or breakthrough infection. S1-, RBD-, S2- and N-specific IgG antibodies were quantified using Luminex-based multiplex assays and electrochemiluminescence multiplex assays for surrogate neutralization in plasma. Changes in cellular immune components were determined via flow cytometry of whole blood samples.ResultsAll individuals (n=20) responded to vaccination with increasing S1-/RBD-/S2-specific IgG levels, whereas specific plasma IgA displayed individual variability. The third dose increased antibody inhibitory capacity (AIC) against immune-escape variants Beta and Omicron BA.1 independently of age. The mRNA-primed vaccination induced IgG and IgA immunity more efficiently, whereas vector-primed individuals displayed higher levels of memory T and B cells. Vaccinees showed SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses, which were further improved and specified after Omicron breakthrough infections in parallel to the appearance of new variant-specific antibodies.DiscussionIn conclusion, the third vaccination was essential to increase IgG levels, mandatory to boost AIC against immune-escape variants, and induced SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells. Breakthrough infection with Omicron generates additional spike specificities covering all known variants.
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 16643224
- Volume :
- 14
- Database :
- Directory of Open Access Journals
- Journal :
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- edsdoj.45143819138b48fc898d197504c5957d
- Document Type :
- article
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1120010