Non-cadaveric spine surgery simulator training in neurosurgical residency

ABSTRACT: Background: Spine surgical training faces increasing challenges due to restricted working hours and greater sub specialization. Modern simulators offer a promising approach to teaching both simple and complex spinal procedures. This study evaluated the acceptance and efficacy of spine simulator training using a lumbar herniated disc model tested by 16 neurosurgical residents (PGY-1-6), and compared 3D and 2D teaching methods. Methods: Sixteen residents utilized the Realists RealSpine L4/L5 disc simulator with both microscope and exoscope. A mixed-methods analysis assessed the efficacy and acceptance of the training. Six PGY-1 residents participated in a learning curve study, divided into exoscopic and microscopic cohorts. Each group watched a tutorial in either 3D or 2D, followed by 3 surgical sessions. Endpoints included surgical progress within 30 minutes and complication rates. Microsurgical skills and mental concepts were evaluated on a numeric Likert Scale. Results: Participants rated the simulator training favorably, with a median score of 8/10 across 6 categories. The learning curve study showed a 30% improvement in microsurgical performance. The completion rate of herniated disc removal increased from 50% at T2 to 100% at T3 and T4. Significant improvement in mental concept was observed (p=.035), with slightly better consolidation in the exoscope group. Self-assessments revealed significantly improved skills across all participants. Conclusions: Spine simulator training was well-received and resulted in improvements in both mental concept and microsurgical performance, with enhanced outcomes in the 3D teaching/exoscope group. This study supports the integration of spine simulators into spine surgical residency, particularly for early-stage training, to improve both cognitive and practical surgical skills.