Research progress in the anti-cancer activity and related mechanisms of arenobufagin

Toad venom is an active extract of toad, which is processed by distilling or drying at high temperature the venom secreted from the skin glands and ear-side glands of Toad Chinensis. As a natural product that has been used to treat diseases in China for thousands of years, toad venom has many pharmacological effects such as heart strengthening, analgesia, anti-myocardial ischemia, anti-endotoxin shock, and anti-cancer. Arenobufagin (ARE) is one of the main chemical components of toad venom, and its anti-cancer mechanism has been increasingly clarified in the past decade. ARE can play an anti-cancer role through a variety of ways, such as inducing apoptosis and/or autophagy of cancer cells, necrosis, and cell cycle arrest, inhibiting cancer cell migration and invasion, and inhibiting angiogenesis. The current research on ARE mainly focuses on the selective toxicity of cancer cells and the molecular mechanism of anti-cancer, mostly at the cellular and animal levels. Due to the large toxic and side effects of ARE, unclear targets and unclear pharmacokinetic characteristics, ARE has not yet entered the clinical application in Western medicine. This article summarizes relevant research results on the anti-cancer activity and molecular mechanism of ARE, and its combination with other anti-cancer drugs in order to provide a new direction for improving the anti-cancer mechanism of ARE.