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Immunomodulatory Effects of Pure Cylindrospermopsin in Rats Orally Exposed for 28 Days
- Source :
- Toxins, Vol 14, Iss 2, p 144 (2022)
- Publication Year :
- 2022
- Publisher :
- MDPI AG, 2022.
-
Abstract
- Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a ubiquitous cyanotoxin showing increasing incidence worldwide. CYN has been classified as a cytotoxin and, among its toxic effects, its immunotoxicity is scarcely studied. This work investigates for the first time the influence of oral CYN exposure (18.75; 37.5 and 75 µg/kg b.w./day, for 28 days) on the mRNA expression of selected interleukin (IL) genes (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)) in the thymus and the spleen of male and female rats, by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Moreover, their serum levels were also measured by a multiplex-bead-based immunoassay, and a histopathological study was performed. CYN produced immunomodulation mainly in the thymus of rats exposed to 75 μg CYN/kg b.w./day in both sexes. However, in the spleen only IL-1β and IL-2 (males), and TNF-α and IFN-γ (females) expression was modified after CYN exposure. Only female rats exposed to 18.75 μg CYN/kg b.w./day showed a significant decrease in TNF-α serum levels. There were no significant differences in the weight or histopathology in the organs studied. Further research is needed to obtain a deeper view of the molecular mechanisms involved in CYN immunotoxicity and its consequences on long-term exposures.
- Subjects :
- cylindrospermopsin
immunotoxicity
mRNA expression
thymus
spleen
rats
Medicine
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 20726651
- Volume :
- 14
- Issue :
- 2
- Database :
- Directory of Open Access Journals
- Journal :
- Toxins
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- edsdoj.4c84cf7e176a4a35829ea17524d3098c
- Document Type :
- article
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14020144